Poland and Trotsky's Theory of Bureaucracy
August Grabski's obituary of Karol Modzelewski (Solidarity 511, bit.ly/ag-km) was interesting, but I want to take issue with what he says about Trotsky's theory of the Stalinist bureaucracy.
"Without the analysis of the bureaucracy by Trotsky expressed in his Revolution Betrayed from 1936", write August, we can't understand what happened in Poland.
Trotsky's Revolution Betrayed was about the bureaucracy in the USSR. Essential to his idea of the bureaucracy as a fragile stratum, without the solidity and historical clout of a class, was that part of the bureaucracy was linked back to the revolution of 1917 and rested in some distorted way on the working class.
Poland's ruling bureaucracy, formed after 1945, had no links to any workers' revolution. The nationalised industries over which it presided had been shaped by Russian invading armies, not by workers' revolution.
Women Fighting Stalinism
How does a woman who adamantly refused to call herself a feminist and was vehemently “anti- communist”, who was a passionate Roman Catholic and held Pope John Paul II as one her heroes, and later friend, herself become an inspirational hero for socialist feminists?
For starters, she does so by being astonishingly courageous; by challenging the crushing Stalinist, anti-working class bureaucracy in her workplace over two long decades; by organising an underground workers’ group, and, in doing so, becoming the subject of constant harassment and risking imprisonment.
Anna Walentynowicz was the crane operator in the Lenin Shipyard, in Gdansk whose sacking on August 7, 1980 famously sparked a strike for her reinstatement one week later on August 14. By August 16 management had caved into the workers demands and Lech Walesa and other men on the strike committee declared a return to work.
Poland: "Expect a fightback"
Andrzej Duda of the radical right Law and Justice party has been re-elected as Poland’s president, defeating the liberal conservative opposition’s candidate Rafał Trzaskowski 51%-49% in the second round.
Ana Oppenheim spoke to Sacha Ismail about the election and struggles in Poland. Ana is a Polish-born socialist who lives in the UK. She is a member of the Labour Party and the Polish left party Razem, an activist in the Labour Campaign for Free Movement and has just been elected to Momentum’s national coordinating group.